SPORTS AND GAMES
An essay about Sports And Games
Sports and games are essential for many reasons. They are not only help us to maintain good health but foster friendship and good behaviour. Many people think that the aim of sports and games is to win gold medals in Olympic games. That is not at all important. What is important is that every boy and every girl in our country should be interested in sports and games. Being interested in games does not mean merely watching other people play games. They should participate in sports and games. Sports and games must be given as much importance as academic studies in our schools and colleges. Marks must be awarded for proficiency in sports and games just as marks are awarded for proficiency in mathematics and physics.
When all our school students and college students take part in sports and games, they will be healthy and active. They will participate in their academic studies and scientific experiments with great enthusiasm.
But physical health is not the only advantage of sports and games. Participation in sports and games fosters friendliness and broadmindedness among the participants. Sportsmen forget caste differences and religious differences and become friendly with one another. They look upon the world as one family. Thus sports and games have a lot of educative value.
Sportsmen have often to live together while undergoing training and participating in competitions. They understand one another and learn to make the adjustments necessary for corporate life. They learn to respect one another’s individuality. In other words, they learn the virtue of tolerance.
When they go to other countries to participate in international competitions, they are not merely competitors but messengers of good will. Whether they win medals or not, they will certainly earn a lot of good will. This does not mean that they will not win medals. When all our youngsters take part in sports and games every day, there will be many talented sportsmen and sportswomen. Their talent will improve day by day. It is quite certain that some of them will be able to win medals in international competitions. But the number of medals they win is not important. One year the number may be more, another year it may be less. What is important is that they will spread good will and love throughout the world.
(This essay is suitable for 7th and 8th std students)
-Surenthiran
Monday, May 31, 2010
ENVIRONMETAL POLLUTION
Nature is our mother. She offers us all facilities to lead a comfortable and peaceful life. She brings us rain. She feed the human beings who are her children. The plants, trees, bushes and the grains we grow all belong to nature. Yet man is not grateful to nature. He pollutes the surroundings and brings destruction on himself.
Environmental pollution may be of three kinds. They are air pollution, water pollution and noise pollution. Air pollution is caused by factories which emit smokes and fumes. They mix with the pure air and pollute it. Air pollution is also caused by fumes from the exhaust pipes of vehicles. It is also caused by all kinds of refuse such as dust bin refuse, lavatory refuse and washing up refuse. When we breathe the polluted air, our lungs are affected by diseases.
Water pollution is contaminating water sources. Factory wastes and gutter water are allowed to flow into rivers. These are also collected in ponds. They pollute the surroundings. Contaminated water causes many diseases. Cholera is the first among them. Stagnant water breeds mosquitoes. It results in malaria.
Noise pollution is caused by vehicles and their horn. Some factories also disturb the peaceful atmosphere around. Loud speakers are the worst pollutants in this regard. They spoil the entire atmosphere.
Man cut and fells trees without any limit. This causes imbalance on the surface of the earth. The result is lack of rain and soil erosion. We must protect trees. Let us keep our surroundings clean and lead a healthy and happy life.
-Surenthiran
Nature is our mother. She offers us all facilities to lead a comfortable and peaceful life. She brings us rain. She feed the human beings who are her children. The plants, trees, bushes and the grains we grow all belong to nature. Yet man is not grateful to nature. He pollutes the surroundings and brings destruction on himself.
Environmental pollution may be of three kinds. They are air pollution, water pollution and noise pollution. Air pollution is caused by factories which emit smokes and fumes. They mix with the pure air and pollute it. Air pollution is also caused by fumes from the exhaust pipes of vehicles. It is also caused by all kinds of refuse such as dust bin refuse, lavatory refuse and washing up refuse. When we breathe the polluted air, our lungs are affected by diseases.
Water pollution is contaminating water sources. Factory wastes and gutter water are allowed to flow into rivers. These are also collected in ponds. They pollute the surroundings. Contaminated water causes many diseases. Cholera is the first among them. Stagnant water breeds mosquitoes. It results in malaria.
Noise pollution is caused by vehicles and their horn. Some factories also disturb the peaceful atmosphere around. Loud speakers are the worst pollutants in this regard. They spoil the entire atmosphere.
Man cut and fells trees without any limit. This causes imbalance on the surface of the earth. The result is lack of rain and soil erosion. We must protect trees. Let us keep our surroundings clean and lead a healthy and happy life.
-Surenthiran
AISHWARYA RAI BACK IN HOLLYWOOD
Martin Scorcus, a famous director in Hollywood has to shoot on a new big budget film. He has chosen Aishwarya Rai, a famous Indian actress, as heroine. He is directing a Artistic film now.
Few days ago, when attending Canes movie ceremony, Matin met Aishwarya Rai and told his story.
Since she liked the story and her character, She gave him the call shoot.
Martin is a director who impresses people by his different thoughts. By hearing this news, all the other actresses having a envious look on Aishu.
After finishing this movie, She is on another project with Devadas. Presently, she has done Ravanan in both Hindi and Tamil. And she is presently doing Enthiran which is going to be a fabulous hit in this year. So, Aishwarya Rai is very busy in her call shoots now.
-Surenthiran
Martin Scorcus, a famous director in Hollywood has to shoot on a new big budget film. He has chosen Aishwarya Rai, a famous Indian actress, as heroine. He is directing a Artistic film now.
Few days ago, when attending Canes movie ceremony, Matin met Aishwarya Rai and told his story.
Since she liked the story and her character, She gave him the call shoot.
Martin is a director who impresses people by his different thoughts. By hearing this news, all the other actresses having a envious look on Aishu.
After finishing this movie, She is on another project with Devadas. Presently, she has done Ravanan in both Hindi and Tamil. And she is presently doing Enthiran which is going to be a fabulous hit in this year. So, Aishwarya Rai is very busy in her call shoots now.
-Surenthiran
Sunday, May 30, 2010
VIJAY SOON IN POLITICS
VIJAY SOON IN POLITICS
The following is the speech given by S.A. Chandra Sekar, director.
Music release ceremony
Director Chandrasekar’s forthcoming movie ‘Veluthu Kattu’. The starting ceremony function of this movie has happened in Trichy few days ago.
The following is the speech given by him:
Vijay soon in Politics
“Vijay’s fans club is active every where in Tamil Nadu. I have to be blessed to have Vijay as my son.
Vijay has put the base to enter into the politics. His movies are most welcomed and celebrated by the public. His familiarity is increasing day be day. His involvement in the politics is unavoidable. He is waiting for the right time.
Naan Sigappu Manidhan
I have planned to remake my own movie ‘Naan Sigappu Manidhan’, with Vijay as hero. I have planned only to produce that film and give over the chance for the youths.
Likewise, I have a thought of remaking my old movies”.
Mr. Chandrasekar finished his speech in this way.
-Surenthiran
The following is the speech given by S.A. Chandra Sekar, director.
Music release ceremony
Director Chandrasekar’s forthcoming movie ‘Veluthu Kattu’. The starting ceremony function of this movie has happened in Trichy few days ago.
The following is the speech given by him:
Vijay soon in Politics
“Vijay’s fans club is active every where in Tamil Nadu. I have to be blessed to have Vijay as my son.
Vijay has put the base to enter into the politics. His movies are most welcomed and celebrated by the public. His familiarity is increasing day be day. His involvement in the politics is unavoidable. He is waiting for the right time.
Naan Sigappu Manidhan
I have planned to remake my own movie ‘Naan Sigappu Manidhan’, with Vijay as hero. I have planned only to produce that film and give over the chance for the youths.
Likewise, I have a thought of remaking my old movies”.
Mr. Chandrasekar finished his speech in this way.
-Surenthiran
VIJAY’S SURA, A GREAT FLOP
VIJAY’S SURA, A GREAT FLOP
· Double hay-trick flops for Vijay
· Rs. 10 crores loss due to Sura
· Theatre owners request Vijay to repay the amount
Since actor Vijay has given consequently 6 flop movies, the theatre owners has faced a great money loss. Rs. 10 crores is the loss amount for the theatre owners only for Sura. Hence, Vijay has been asked to repay 30% of the amount paid.
Theatre owners pathetic situation this year
The following is the speech given by Mr. Panneer Selvam, the secretary, Tamil Nadu Cine Theatres Association.
“Theatre owners situation this year has become very bad. Almost all the coming films are getting flopped. Hence, collection is getting lowered day by day.
The following are the films which gave a better collection this year:
1. Paiyaa
2. Tamil Padam
3. Angaaditheru
All the other films were a great flop commercially.
Vijay has betrayed not only his fans but also theatre owners. Vijay’s Aadhi, Azhagiya Tamil Magan, Villu, Kuruvi, Vettaikaran are the first five movies. Sura is the 6th flop movie.
Sura
Since this movie released with a great expectation that this is the 50th movie of Vijay, the theatre owners invested a large amount of money to buy this movie. But it become a big flop.
Has to repay the amount
Rajinikanth, Kamal Hasan, Mani Ratnam, Vijaya T. Rajendar used to repay 35% of the money invested by the theatre owners. The same way, Vijay has to repay 35% of the invested money.
Regarding this, we tried to talk to Vijay. But we couldn’t able to visit him. We remembered the same situation when the movie Aathi beacome a great flop.
Decision to be taken in the meeting
A meeting will be conducted in the 3rd week of June. There, a decision will be taken how to deal with the forthcoming movies of Vijay.
The main reason for the failure of Vijay is that he acts in the same manner(dirty dress, rowdy slang, similar make-up). He chooses the same theme of stories everytime. Here after, Vijay’s films will be bought under the basis of percentage.”
In this way, Mr. Panneer Selvam finished his speech.
-Surenthiran
· Double hay-trick flops for Vijay
· Rs. 10 crores loss due to Sura
· Theatre owners request Vijay to repay the amount
Since actor Vijay has given consequently 6 flop movies, the theatre owners has faced a great money loss. Rs. 10 crores is the loss amount for the theatre owners only for Sura. Hence, Vijay has been asked to repay 30% of the amount paid.
Theatre owners pathetic situation this year
The following is the speech given by Mr. Panneer Selvam, the secretary, Tamil Nadu Cine Theatres Association.
“Theatre owners situation this year has become very bad. Almost all the coming films are getting flopped. Hence, collection is getting lowered day by day.
The following are the films which gave a better collection this year:
1. Paiyaa
2. Tamil Padam
3. Angaaditheru
All the other films were a great flop commercially.
Vijay has betrayed not only his fans but also theatre owners. Vijay’s Aadhi, Azhagiya Tamil Magan, Villu, Kuruvi, Vettaikaran are the first five movies. Sura is the 6th flop movie.
Sura
Since this movie released with a great expectation that this is the 50th movie of Vijay, the theatre owners invested a large amount of money to buy this movie. But it become a big flop.
Has to repay the amount
Rajinikanth, Kamal Hasan, Mani Ratnam, Vijaya T. Rajendar used to repay 35% of the money invested by the theatre owners. The same way, Vijay has to repay 35% of the invested money.
Regarding this, we tried to talk to Vijay. But we couldn’t able to visit him. We remembered the same situation when the movie Aathi beacome a great flop.
Decision to be taken in the meeting
A meeting will be conducted in the 3rd week of June. There, a decision will be taken how to deal with the forthcoming movies of Vijay.
The main reason for the failure of Vijay is that he acts in the same manner(dirty dress, rowdy slang, similar make-up). He chooses the same theme of stories everytime. Here after, Vijay’s films will be bought under the basis of percentage.”
In this way, Mr. Panneer Selvam finished his speech.
-Surenthiran
LYRICS OF ADADA MAZHADA FROM PAIYAA
LYRICS OF ADADA MAZHADA FROM PAIYAA
Here is the lyrics of the song Adada Mazhada from the movie Paiyaa….
Thanthaaney thanthaaney thanthananeyThanthaaney thanthananey thanthanaaneynaaaThanthaaney thanthaaney thanthananeyThanthaaney thanthananey thanthanaaneynaaa oooooooohhhh…
Adada mazhaida adda mazhaida,Azhaga siricha puyal mazhaida..Adada mazhaida adda mazhaida,Azhaga siricha puyal mazhaida..
Maari maari mazhai aidika,Manasukulley kodey pidika,Kaazhgal naalachu, kaigal yettachu,Yennachu yethachu, yedhedho aayachu..
Mayil thogha poley iva mazhaiyil aadum bothuRayil thaalam poley yen manasu vaazhum paaruYennachu yethachu, yedhedho aayachu…
Adada mazhaida adda mazhaida,Azhaga siricha puyal mazhaida..
[MUSIC]
Paatu paatu paadatha paatu,Mazhaithan paaduthu keykaatha paatu,Unney yenney serthu vecha mazhai-koru sallam podu,Yenney konjum kaanalaiye unnakkuley theydi paaru,
Maanthiram poley iruku, puthu thanthiram poley iruku,Pambaram poley enaku, thaley mathiyil suthudhu kiruku,Devathai engey en devathai engey, athu santhoshama aaduthu ingey..
[MUSIC]
Unnai-pozha veyrarum illey,Yenney-vitta veyraru solla,Chinna chinna kannu rendey koduth-enna anupuvechan,Intha kannu pothalaiye yethuk-ivala paduchuvechan,
Vattampuchi ponnu nenju pada-padakum ninnu,Poo ivolo onnu, yenna kondu putta konnu..Povathu yengey naan povathu yengey, manam thalladuthey bothaiyil ingey..
[FEMALE]
Adada mazhaida adda mazhaida,Azhaga siricha anal mazhaida..Adada mazhaida adda mazhaida,Azhaga siricha anal mazhaida..
Pinni pinni mazhai adikka,Minnal vanthu kodey pidikka,Vaanom rendachu, bhoomi thundachu,Yen moochi kaathaaley, mazhai koodey soodachu..
Iddiye neeti yaaro intha mazhaiye kaddika veynam,Mazhaiya pooti yaaro yen manasa addaika veynam,Kondaada kondaada, koothadi kondaada..
Here is the lyrics of the song Adada Mazhada from the movie Paiyaa….
Thanthaaney thanthaaney thanthananeyThanthaaney thanthananey thanthanaaneynaaaThanthaaney thanthaaney thanthananeyThanthaaney thanthananey thanthanaaneynaaa oooooooohhhh…
Adada mazhaida adda mazhaida,Azhaga siricha puyal mazhaida..Adada mazhaida adda mazhaida,Azhaga siricha puyal mazhaida..
Maari maari mazhai aidika,Manasukulley kodey pidika,Kaazhgal naalachu, kaigal yettachu,Yennachu yethachu, yedhedho aayachu..
Mayil thogha poley iva mazhaiyil aadum bothuRayil thaalam poley yen manasu vaazhum paaruYennachu yethachu, yedhedho aayachu…
Adada mazhaida adda mazhaida,Azhaga siricha puyal mazhaida..
[MUSIC]
Paatu paatu paadatha paatu,Mazhaithan paaduthu keykaatha paatu,Unney yenney serthu vecha mazhai-koru sallam podu,Yenney konjum kaanalaiye unnakkuley theydi paaru,
Maanthiram poley iruku, puthu thanthiram poley iruku,Pambaram poley enaku, thaley mathiyil suthudhu kiruku,Devathai engey en devathai engey, athu santhoshama aaduthu ingey..
[MUSIC]
Unnai-pozha veyrarum illey,Yenney-vitta veyraru solla,Chinna chinna kannu rendey koduth-enna anupuvechan,Intha kannu pothalaiye yethuk-ivala paduchuvechan,
Vattampuchi ponnu nenju pada-padakum ninnu,Poo ivolo onnu, yenna kondu putta konnu..Povathu yengey naan povathu yengey, manam thalladuthey bothaiyil ingey..
[FEMALE]
Adada mazhaida adda mazhaida,Azhaga siricha anal mazhaida..Adada mazhaida adda mazhaida,Azhaga siricha anal mazhaida..
Pinni pinni mazhai adikka,Minnal vanthu kodey pidikka,Vaanom rendachu, bhoomi thundachu,Yen moochi kaathaaley, mazhai koodey soodachu..
Iddiye neeti yaaro intha mazhaiye kaddika veynam,Mazhaiya pooti yaaro yen manasa addaika veynam,Kondaada kondaada, koothadi kondaada..
11 DIGITS NUMBERS FOR MOBILE PHONES
11 DIGITS NUMBERS FOR MOBILE PHONES
Soon, the number of people using mobile phones in India is on to override 1 crore. So, the Communication department has planned to introduce 11 digits numbers to overcome the shortage of the numbers.
Presently, 10 digits numbers are given for the mobile phones in India. This is suitable only for 100 crore connections. But, it is calculated that viewing the speed of increase in the number of pupils using cell phones, 100 crore pupils will be having cell phones in their hands by 2014.
Hence, TROY has given the idea to all the mobile service companies to change from 10 digits numbers to 11 digits numbers.
But, due to the reason that it will take much cost for 11 digits numbers, the mobile service companies did not come to a perfect decision.
But, it is the fact that 11 digits numbers are very much needed. The companies soon will take a positive decision and bring the system of 11 digit numbers.
-Surenthiran
Soon, the number of people using mobile phones in India is on to override 1 crore. So, the Communication department has planned to introduce 11 digits numbers to overcome the shortage of the numbers.
Presently, 10 digits numbers are given for the mobile phones in India. This is suitable only for 100 crore connections. But, it is calculated that viewing the speed of increase in the number of pupils using cell phones, 100 crore pupils will be having cell phones in their hands by 2014.
Hence, TROY has given the idea to all the mobile service companies to change from 10 digits numbers to 11 digits numbers.
But, due to the reason that it will take much cost for 11 digits numbers, the mobile service companies did not come to a perfect decision.
But, it is the fact that 11 digits numbers are very much needed. The companies soon will take a positive decision and bring the system of 11 digit numbers.
-Surenthiran
Friday, May 28, 2010
FIRST TAMILAN ON
Hence, Santhosh Kumar became the first tamilan to reach the top of the Everest peak.
Being reached the top, he shouted “Tamil Vaalga” with joy.
The crew members shared their happiness proudly with their family members through telephone.
The people of Tamil Nadu must be really of Santhosh Kumar crew members.
Mrs. Indira Vetrivel, the famous socialist, spread out this information.
(for images, visit www.thehindu.com)
-Surenthiran
Hot News of Asin
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PAYMENT LOW FOR ASIN
Asin who have come from Malayalam to Tamil film industry lowered her payment for the Tamil movie “Kaavalkaran”.
Hindi movie
The actress Asin started as a successful heroine through the tamil movie “Ghajini”. She performed the same role in the hindi movie “Ghajini”. This movie became a powerful commercial hit both in tamil and hindi. Hence, her market raised to the heaven.
Rs.3 Crore
As a result of the success of Ghajinis, Asin raised her payment to Rs.3 Crore.
She performed as a heroine in the movie “
Payment gone down
Later, She did not get any hindi movie chances. When she was residing at her guest house in Mumbai, She was asked the call shoot for the movie “Kaavalkaran” in which Vijay performs Police role.
Asin accepted this tamil movie chance and lowered her payment from 3 crore to 1 ½ crore.
Presently, the big movie “Kaavalkaran” is in shooting process with Asin as heroine.
-Surenthiran
Basics of Electricity
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
Matter has mass and takes up space. Atoms are basic building blocks of matter and can’t be chemically subdivided by ordinary means. ‘Atom’ is derived from the Greek word ‘atom’, which means indivisible.
STRUCTRURE OF ATOM:
Atoms are composed of three types of particles: protons, neutrons and electrons. These particles have different properties. An atom has a positive centre called the nucleus. The central nucleus consists of protons, neutrons and the electrons revolve round the nucleus. Electrons are very tiny, very light particles having negative electrical charge. Protons are much larger than electrons and have positive electronic charge. Neutrons are large and heavy like the protons but no electrical charge. In any atom, the number of positive charges present in the nucleus is equal to the number of negatively charges electrons revolving round it. Thus, the atom is electrically neutral on the whole.
CHARGE:
When positive or negative charge builds up in fixed positions on objects, certain phenomena can be observed. The charge can be built by rubbing objects together, such as silk and glass or ebonite and fur. The friction between the objects causes electrons to be transferred from one to the other-from a glass rod to a silk cloth or from fur to an ebonite rod-with the result that the object that has lost the electrons has a positive and the object that has gained them has an equal negative charge. An electrically neutral object can be charged by bringing it in contact with a charged object, if the charged object is positive, the neutral object gains a positive charge when some of its electrons are transferred on to the positive object. (When the glass rod is rubbed with silk, the glass rod becomes positively charged.)
If the charged object of negative, the neutral object gains a negative charge when some electrons are attracted on to it from the negative object. (When an ebonite rod is rubbed with fur, the ebonite rod becomes negatively charged.)
CHARGING OF BODIES:
Charging by friction
When a glass rod is rubbed with silk or an ebonite rod is rubbed with fur, the glass rod becomes positively charged and the ebonite rod becomes negatively charged due to friction. Friction between the objects causes the transfer of electrons. The glass rod loses some of its electrons to the silk cloth and becomes positively charged due to excess of positively charged particles. Similarly, when the ebonite rod is rubbed with fur, the rod gets extra electrons from the fur and becomes negatively charged. Charging a body by friction if possible when two bodies of opposite nature (i.e.) one having a tendency to give away free electrons and the other having a tendency to accept the same are made to rub against each other.
In this process, both the bodies, which were not charged, acquire opposite charges.
Charging by conduction
When charges are transferred to an uncharged body from a charged by making physical contact between them, it is called charging by conduction. The undercharged conductor B is mounted on an insulating stand. A positively charged conductor A is brought in contact with the conductor B. Since the conductor A is positively charged, it has a less number of free electrons and hence when B touches A, a few electrons move from B to A. Thus B gets positive charge due to loss of free electrons.
Charges by conduction are possible when one of the bodies is already charged. Here, both the bodies acquire the same type of charge as they share the excess or deficit of electrons.
Charging by induction
When charges are transferred to an uncharged body from a charged body without physical contact between them, it is called charging by induction.
For charge of given sign, it is necessary to start with an inducing charge of the opposite kind. To charge the uncharged body AB positively, a negatively charged rod has been brought near to the end A of the uncharged body AB. Some of the free electrons in the conductor are repelled towards B by the excess of electrons on the negative rod, thereby creating a negative induced charge at B and a positive induced charge at A. The conductor is now earthed by touching it with the finger, as a result some of the free electrons are repelled to earth. The finger is then removed and the charged rod is taken away. The positive charges redistribute themselves uniformly throughout AB. Thus, AB is positively charged.
Conductors and Insulators
Though all materials are made of atoms and all atoms are made of electrons and nuclei, the electrical properties of substances vary widely. According to their electrical properties substances are grouped into conductors and insulators.
Conductors contain free electrons, which can move throughout the material. Metals are good conductors. Silver, copper and aluminum are some of the best conductors of electricity and acidified water and electrolytes are no-metallic conductors.
Insulators or dielectrics have tightly bound electrons, which are not free to move through the material. Hence, electricity cannot move through them. E.g. ebonite, mica, glass, rubber, etc.
GOLD LEAF ELECTROSCOPE
The electroscope is a device used for detecting the presence of charge and testing the given electric charge. It was invented by Nollet in the 18th century.
The gold leaf electroscope consists of a glass bell jar resting on a wooden base. The mouth of the bell jar is closed with an ebonite stopper or a rubber cork having a central hole, through which passed a brass rod. At the lower end of the brass rod are two narrow strips of very thin leaves of gold and the upper end is fitted to a metal disc with a spherical knob. A small cup of calcium chloride may be placed inside the jar to keep the air inside dry. There are two strips of tin foil on the inner wall of the bell jar and facing the gold leaves. The jar protects the leaves from air currnts. When any charged body is dept in contact with the metal disc, the leaves acquire the charges of the same nature, so the leaves repel each other. The divergence of the two leaves indicates the presence of the charge. The increase of the leaves is the only sure test of the electrification of a body. (Brief picture of Gold Leaf Electroscope is available at wwww.encarta.com)
(i) To detect the presence of charge on a body
If a rod of some suitable material is charged by friction and then brought near the disc of the electroscope, the leaves diverge. A charge has been induced on the leaves and consequently the leaves diverge. On removing the charged rod, the leaves collapse, showing that the induced charge on the electroscope is only temporary.
Very small charges may be detected by this method.
(ii) To charge the electroscope by induction
(a) A negatively charged ebonite rod is held near the disc of the electroscope. A positive charge is induced in the disc and a negative charge is induced in the leaves. This happens because the negatively charged ebonite rod repels the electrons from the disc to the leaves. The leaves diverge.
(b) When the disc is connected to the earth by touching it with your finger, electrons from the leaf flow to the earth and the leaves collapse.
(c) Keeping the ebonite rod near the disc, if you remove your finger, the leaves remain in the collapsed position because they do not have any charge in them.
(d) If you remove the ebonite rod, the leaves diverge again. The positive charge flows to the leaves also. Thus, the electroscope is positively charged by induction.
To charge the electroscope negatively, a positively charged glass rod is used.
(iii) Detecting the type of charge present in a body using electroscope
Having charged the electroscope positively as described above, bring a charged rod near the disc of the electroscope. If the divergence of the gold leaves increases, then the rod is negatively charged. If the divergence decreases, then the rod is positively charged.
CHARGE DENSITY
Whenever a conductor is charged, the charges reside on the outer surface of the conductor. The charges are not distributed uniformly over the surface. The distribution depends on the shape of the surface and it is found to be inversely proportional to the radius of curvature. The amount of charge per unit area of the surface of the conductor is known as charge density.
In case of a spherical conductor, since the radius is uniform, the charge distributes uniformly and so the charge density will be equal everywhere. But in the case of a pear shaped conductors, the charge density is greater at the pointed end than at the places. Thus a pointed end acquires a large amount of charge.
As a pointed end acquires a large amount of charge, it sets up a field in its neighborhood. Air molecules entering into the field take the same charge from the pointed end become ionized. Since the pointed end as well as the air molecules are of the same charge, the air molecules which is called the electronic wind. Ultimately, the pointed end loses its charge and it is discharged easily. A point also collects charges easily from its surroundings. This phenomenon is called ‘action of points’.
LIGHTNING ARRESTERS
Benjamin Franklin(1706-1790), an American scientist, proved that lightening and electricity are identical and subsequently invented the lightning arrester also called lightning conductor. It protects tall buildings from being damaged by lightning. The light conductor is based on the principle of action of points.
It consists of a thick copper strip to an outside wall, reaching above the highest part of the building and ending in several sharp spikes. The lower part is buried in the earth.
When a negatively charged thundercloud passes overhead, it acts inductively on the conductor, charging the sharp points and te earthed plate negatively. The negatively charge on the plate is, of course, immediately dissipated into the surrounding earth. At the same time, action of points occurs at the spikes. Negatively ions are attracted to the spikes and become discharged by giving up their electrons. These electrons pass down the conductor and escape to the earth.
The upward stream of positive ions spread out and form what is called a space charge, which reduces the powerful electric forces existing between the cloud and the building. Under these conditions lightening will nor normally strike a building but if it should do so, the discharge passes harmlessly to the earth through the thick copper conductor.
(The pictures and explanatory images of the corresponding topics are available at www.encarta.com. But the explanation which is given here is more understandable than Encarta.)
***This article is more useful for the students of 6th std(sixth std), 7th std(seventh std) and 8th std(eight std).
An article by,
Surenthiran
Matter has mass and takes up space. Atoms are basic building blocks of matter and can’t be chemically subdivided by ordinary means. ‘Atom’ is derived from the Greek word ‘atom’, which means indivisible.
STRUCTRURE OF ATOM:
Atoms are composed of three types of particles: protons, neutrons and electrons. These particles have different properties. An atom has a positive centre called the nucleus. The central nucleus consists of protons, neutrons and the electrons revolve round the nucleus. Electrons are very tiny, very light particles having negative electrical charge. Protons are much larger than electrons and have positive electronic charge. Neutrons are large and heavy like the protons but no electrical charge. In any atom, the number of positive charges present in the nucleus is equal to the number of negatively charges electrons revolving round it. Thus, the atom is electrically neutral on the whole.
CHARGE:
When positive or negative charge builds up in fixed positions on objects, certain phenomena can be observed. The charge can be built by rubbing objects together, such as silk and glass or ebonite and fur. The friction between the objects causes electrons to be transferred from one to the other-from a glass rod to a silk cloth or from fur to an ebonite rod-with the result that the object that has lost the electrons has a positive and the object that has gained them has an equal negative charge. An electrically neutral object can be charged by bringing it in contact with a charged object, if the charged object is positive, the neutral object gains a positive charge when some of its electrons are transferred on to the positive object. (When the glass rod is rubbed with silk, the glass rod becomes positively charged.)
If the charged object of negative, the neutral object gains a negative charge when some electrons are attracted on to it from the negative object. (When an ebonite rod is rubbed with fur, the ebonite rod becomes negatively charged.)
CHARGING OF BODIES:
Charging by friction
When a glass rod is rubbed with silk or an ebonite rod is rubbed with fur, the glass rod becomes positively charged and the ebonite rod becomes negatively charged due to friction. Friction between the objects causes the transfer of electrons. The glass rod loses some of its electrons to the silk cloth and becomes positively charged due to excess of positively charged particles. Similarly, when the ebonite rod is rubbed with fur, the rod gets extra electrons from the fur and becomes negatively charged. Charging a body by friction if possible when two bodies of opposite nature (i.e.) one having a tendency to give away free electrons and the other having a tendency to accept the same are made to rub against each other.
In this process, both the bodies, which were not charged, acquire opposite charges.
Charging by conduction
When charges are transferred to an uncharged body from a charged by making physical contact between them, it is called charging by conduction. The undercharged conductor B is mounted on an insulating stand. A positively charged conductor A is brought in contact with the conductor B. Since the conductor A is positively charged, it has a less number of free electrons and hence when B touches A, a few electrons move from B to A. Thus B gets positive charge due to loss of free electrons.
Charges by conduction are possible when one of the bodies is already charged. Here, both the bodies acquire the same type of charge as they share the excess or deficit of electrons.
Charging by induction
When charges are transferred to an uncharged body from a charged body without physical contact between them, it is called charging by induction.
For charge of given sign, it is necessary to start with an inducing charge of the opposite kind. To charge the uncharged body AB positively, a negatively charged rod has been brought near to the end A of the uncharged body AB. Some of the free electrons in the conductor are repelled towards B by the excess of electrons on the negative rod, thereby creating a negative induced charge at B and a positive induced charge at A. The conductor is now earthed by touching it with the finger, as a result some of the free electrons are repelled to earth. The finger is then removed and the charged rod is taken away. The positive charges redistribute themselves uniformly throughout AB. Thus, AB is positively charged.
Conductors and Insulators
Though all materials are made of atoms and all atoms are made of electrons and nuclei, the electrical properties of substances vary widely. According to their electrical properties substances are grouped into conductors and insulators.
Conductors contain free electrons, which can move throughout the material. Metals are good conductors. Silver, copper and aluminum are some of the best conductors of electricity and acidified water and electrolytes are no-metallic conductors.
Insulators or dielectrics have tightly bound electrons, which are not free to move through the material. Hence, electricity cannot move through them. E.g. ebonite, mica, glass, rubber, etc.
GOLD LEAF ELECTROSCOPE
The electroscope is a device used for detecting the presence of charge and testing the given electric charge. It was invented by Nollet in the 18th century.
The gold leaf electroscope consists of a glass bell jar resting on a wooden base. The mouth of the bell jar is closed with an ebonite stopper or a rubber cork having a central hole, through which passed a brass rod. At the lower end of the brass rod are two narrow strips of very thin leaves of gold and the upper end is fitted to a metal disc with a spherical knob. A small cup of calcium chloride may be placed inside the jar to keep the air inside dry. There are two strips of tin foil on the inner wall of the bell jar and facing the gold leaves. The jar protects the leaves from air currnts. When any charged body is dept in contact with the metal disc, the leaves acquire the charges of the same nature, so the leaves repel each other. The divergence of the two leaves indicates the presence of the charge. The increase of the leaves is the only sure test of the electrification of a body. (Brief picture of Gold Leaf Electroscope is available at wwww.encarta.com)
(i) To detect the presence of charge on a body
If a rod of some suitable material is charged by friction and then brought near the disc of the electroscope, the leaves diverge. A charge has been induced on the leaves and consequently the leaves diverge. On removing the charged rod, the leaves collapse, showing that the induced charge on the electroscope is only temporary.
Very small charges may be detected by this method.
(ii) To charge the electroscope by induction
(a) A negatively charged ebonite rod is held near the disc of the electroscope. A positive charge is induced in the disc and a negative charge is induced in the leaves. This happens because the negatively charged ebonite rod repels the electrons from the disc to the leaves. The leaves diverge.
(b) When the disc is connected to the earth by touching it with your finger, electrons from the leaf flow to the earth and the leaves collapse.
(c) Keeping the ebonite rod near the disc, if you remove your finger, the leaves remain in the collapsed position because they do not have any charge in them.
(d) If you remove the ebonite rod, the leaves diverge again. The positive charge flows to the leaves also. Thus, the electroscope is positively charged by induction.
To charge the electroscope negatively, a positively charged glass rod is used.
(iii) Detecting the type of charge present in a body using electroscope
Having charged the electroscope positively as described above, bring a charged rod near the disc of the electroscope. If the divergence of the gold leaves increases, then the rod is negatively charged. If the divergence decreases, then the rod is positively charged.
CHARGE DENSITY
Whenever a conductor is charged, the charges reside on the outer surface of the conductor. The charges are not distributed uniformly over the surface. The distribution depends on the shape of the surface and it is found to be inversely proportional to the radius of curvature. The amount of charge per unit area of the surface of the conductor is known as charge density.
In case of a spherical conductor, since the radius is uniform, the charge distributes uniformly and so the charge density will be equal everywhere. But in the case of a pear shaped conductors, the charge density is greater at the pointed end than at the places. Thus a pointed end acquires a large amount of charge.
As a pointed end acquires a large amount of charge, it sets up a field in its neighborhood. Air molecules entering into the field take the same charge from the pointed end become ionized. Since the pointed end as well as the air molecules are of the same charge, the air molecules which is called the electronic wind. Ultimately, the pointed end loses its charge and it is discharged easily. A point also collects charges easily from its surroundings. This phenomenon is called ‘action of points’.
LIGHTNING ARRESTERS
Benjamin Franklin(1706-1790), an American scientist, proved that lightening and electricity are identical and subsequently invented the lightning arrester also called lightning conductor. It protects tall buildings from being damaged by lightning. The light conductor is based on the principle of action of points.
It consists of a thick copper strip to an outside wall, reaching above the highest part of the building and ending in several sharp spikes. The lower part is buried in the earth.
When a negatively charged thundercloud passes overhead, it acts inductively on the conductor, charging the sharp points and te earthed plate negatively. The negatively charge on the plate is, of course, immediately dissipated into the surrounding earth. At the same time, action of points occurs at the spikes. Negatively ions are attracted to the spikes and become discharged by giving up their electrons. These electrons pass down the conductor and escape to the earth.
The upward stream of positive ions spread out and form what is called a space charge, which reduces the powerful electric forces existing between the cloud and the building. Under these conditions lightening will nor normally strike a building but if it should do so, the discharge passes harmlessly to the earth through the thick copper conductor.
(The pictures and explanatory images of the corresponding topics are available at www.encarta.com. But the explanation which is given here is more understandable than Encarta.)
***This article is more useful for the students of 6th std(sixth std), 7th std(seventh std) and 8th std(eight std).
An article by,
Surenthiran
Wednesday, May 26, 2010
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